War Against Pneumoniae

H. pylori, or Helicobacter pylori, is a gram-negative, micro-aerophilic bacterium that lives primarily in the digestive tract. It is associated with Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, gastric ulcers, cancers of the stomach and other stomach problems. Helicobacter pylori symptoms include nausea, vomiting blood, and an overall loss of appetite in addition to severe abdominal pain. Direct mouth-to-mouth transmission is the most common route of transmission, but contaminated food or water can also spread the disease. Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) infections can lead to a variety of unpleasant side effects, including gastric ulcers, gastritis, and even stomach cancer.

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Polymerase Chain Reactions

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used in molecular biology to make many copies of a specific DNA segment. Using PCR, copies of DNA sequences are exponentially amplified to generate thousands to millions of more copies of that particular DNA segment. PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical laboratory and clinical laboratory research for a broad variety of applications including biomedical research and criminal forensics. PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983 while he was an employee of the Cetus Corporation. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993 (along with Michael Smith) for his work in developing the method. ...

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DANGERS IN CONTRACEPTIVES

Contraceptive pills are pills that prevents or tends to prevent conception. Studies indicate that contraceptives pills are effective when taken within 24 hours and before 72hours after unprotected sex or else the pills would become useless. We have two types of contraception pills which is namely: the combined oral contraceptive pills and the mini pill. ...

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ABO BLOOD GROUP INHERITANCE AND ITS MEDICAL IMPORTANCE

ABO blood group is a classification of blood based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substance on the surface of red blood cell. It is widely credited to have been discovered by the austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner in 1900.

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IMPORTANCE OF MCV HAEMATOLOGY

Red cell indices was introduced by wintrobe in 1929. The red blood cell indices measures the size, shape and physical characteristics of the red blood cell. Red cell indices are blood test that provides information about Hg content and size of red cell. Abnormal values indicates the size of anaemia and which type of anaemia it is. They are either directly measured or automatically calculated by specialised instrument or machine. ...

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ANAEMIA AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN PREGNANCY

Anaemia in pregnancy is defined as a haemoglobin concentration of less than 11g/dL when the blood is examined. The most common cause of anaemia in pregnancy is lack of iron. Less often it is caused by folic acid deficiency. The most at risk of anaemia in pregnancy are women of low socio-economic group, teenagers and women with frequent interval between pregnancies. . ...

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HAPLOIDENTICAL DONOR TRANSPLANT

Hematopoietic stem cell (bone marrow) transplantation is the only curative treatment for severer aplastic anemia Haploidentical donor transplant for severe aplastic anemia. Haploidentical stem cell transplant is the treatment for patients with blood related cancers and certain blood disorders. Stem cell transplantation involves replacing a patient’s unhealthy blood-forming cell with healthy ones.

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Dermatophytes in children

Tinea capitis is a common superficial fungal infection of the scalp and hair which is a type of dermatophytes characterized by its invasion into hair follicles and keratinized layer of hairy skin leading to hair loss, scaling, kerion, folliculitis, favus, black dot grey patch type, erythema or impetigo-like lesions. Tinea capitis is not really a worm but a fungal infection. It gets the name “ringworm” because the causative fungals makes circular marks on the skin often with flat centers and raised border which is as a result of the host reaction to the enzymes released by the fungus during its digestive process. Scalp and hair shafts can also be affected thereby causing small patches of itchy and scaly. It is a highly contagious infection that is usually spread by sharing personal belonging like combs, towel, hats, pillows ,clipper, formites etc. ...

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DIABETES MELLITUS AMONG YOUTHS

Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications or death. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.. ...

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CAUSES OF IMPRECISION AND INACCURACY IN MEDICAL

Two terms are often used interchangeably to describe the quality of results obtained in the laboratory, they are accuracy and precision. Accuracy refers to how closely the measured value of a quantity corresponds to it’s true value. It is also a degree of closeness between measurement of a quantity and that quantity’s actual value. Precision express the degree of reproducibility or agreement between repeated measurements. It is also called reproducibility or repeatability. Precision is also the degree to which repeated measurement under unchanged conditions show the same results. For laboratory test result to be valid, it must be accurate and precise.

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IMPORTANCE OF STERILIZATION IN MEDICAL LABORATORY

Sterilization refers to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills all forms of life, including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, spore forms etc). Present on a surface, contained in a fluid, in medication or in a compound such as biological culture media. Sterilization can be achieved by applying heat, chemicals, irradiation, high pressure, and filtration. The method of sterilization are physical method, chemical method and Mechanical method. ...

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HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION

Helicobacter pylori, formerly known as campylobacter pylori, is a Gram-negative microerophilic bacterium that is commonly found in the stomach and intestine. Helicobacter pylori infection occurs when Helicobacter pylori bacteria infect the stomach and intestine. Infection with H. Pylori is also a bacterial infection that causes stomach inflammation (gastritis), 3 peptic ulcer disease, and certain types of stomach cancer. It was discovered in 1982 by Australian scientists Barry Marshal and Robin Warren, who discovered it in a person suffering from chronic gastritis and a gastric ulcer. This is most common during childhood. ...

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TREATMENT OF VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is not considered a sexually transmitted diseases, because it does affect children and celibate women. It is diagnosed by performing a wet preparation or gram stain of vaginal discharge. It is treated by the use of antifungal medicine. Vaginal candidiasis can be prevented through wearing cotton underwear, antibiotics to be taken only when prescribed and exactly as your health care provider tells you.

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ANAEROBIC ORGANISMS

Anaerobic organisms: An anaerobic organism, also known as an anaerobe, is any organism that does not grow in the presence of oxygen. If free oxygen is present, it may react negatively or even die. Anaerobes can be unicellular or multicellular in nature. Anaerobic bacteria thrive in environments where oxygen is scarce. There is insufficient or no oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria do not grow in room air on solid media. These bacteria are naturally present and abundant in and on the body. They are the body's most common flora. They do not cause infection in their natural state, but they can cause infection after a body injury or trauma...................................................................................................... ...

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COMMON PRESERVATIVES IN MEDLAB

A preservative is a substance in which samples can be stored and maintained without further degradation. The main purpose of preservative is to provide an environment in which bacterial and the infestations are unlikely, thus maintaining the specimen over long period of time. Refrigerator is used to preserve sample at 2-60C and when time of refrigeration is exceeded, it should then be preserved using chemicals. Common preservative are boric acid, toluene, thymol, acetic acid and hydrochloric acid used for preservation of urine sample, 10% formalin used to preserve stool samples, polyvinylalcohol used to preserve stool samples, ethanol is used to preserve tissues EDTA, CPD and ACD are used to preserve blood samples. WHAT IS PRESERVATIVE? Preservative is a substance or chemical that is added to products such as biological samples, pharmaceutical drugs, foods and many other products to prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes. Samples are preserved when they cannot be examined within the prescribed time interval. The primary role of preservatives is to provide an environment in which bacterial and other infestations are unlikely, maintaining the specimen over a long period of time ...

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THROMBOPHLEBITIS

Thrombophlebitis is an inflammation of the vein due to presence of a blood clot. Thrombophlebitis usually occurs in the veins of the legs. Rarely, it can occur in the veins of the arms or neck. Superficial (on the surface) thrombophlebitis occurs in the visible veins just under the skin. The area of inflammation is usually reddened, tender, and warm to touch and can be painful. The extremities may swell and fever may occur .Pulmonary embolism, a condition that can be fatal, results from a deep vein thrombosis that becomes loose in the veins and travels to the lungs. There, it blocks proper blood flow to the lungs and decreases oxygen levels in the body.

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ANTICOAGULANTS

Anticoagulants are chemical substance that prevent blood from clotting. Anticoagulant is used in heamatology laboratory where whole blood or plasma is required which depends upon the tests to be done and then the type of anticoagulant to be used. Every anticoagulant is added in a fixed proportion to blood. Some of the anticoagulants used in heamatology laboratory includes:... ...

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PREVENTION OF ANAEMIA IN PREGNANCY

Anemia in pregnancy is a major health problem in many countries including Nigeria. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia in pregnancy. All pregnant women are at risk of anemia most especially when one is pregnant with more than one child, have had 2 pregnancies close together, don’t eat enough food that is rich in iron and had anemia before getting pregnant. ...

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WASTE GENERATION IN JCS MEDLAB

Wastes are substances, materials discharged to, deposited in, or emitted to an environment in such amount or manner that causes a harmful change. They are categorized into Biological wastes: wastes that contain living matter/organism. Chemical wastes: wastes that contain chemical components. Radioactive wastes: wastes that contain radioactive rays/elements/ionizing radiations. Mixed wastes: wastes that contain a mixture of biological, chemical and radioactive waste. Sharp wastes: wastes that contain broken, pointed materials. Wastes generated are classified according to: Segregation: various types of wastes are segregated from each other.

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CURRENT TREND IN HIV DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Hiv testing has evolved from being used as a method to safeguard the blood supply to being offered as a routine diagnostic test.The major deficiencies of early Hiv tests have largely been overcomed with the advent of the fourth and fifth generation assays. Hiv testing has progressed to where infection can be detected approximately 2 weeks post infection... ...

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EFFECT OF TATTOOING ON BLOOD DONATION

A tattoo is a form of body modification where a design is made by inserting ink, dyes and pigment either indelible or temporary into the dermis layer of the skin to change the pigment. Tattooing involves the placement of pigment into the skin’s dermis, the layer of dermal tissue underlying the epidermis. ...

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THE ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Nitric oxide is a colorless gas with the formula NO. It is one of the principal oxides of nitrogen. Nitric oxide is a free radical, i.e., it has an unpaired electron, which is sometimes denoted by a dot in its chemical formula, i.e., NO. Nitric oxide is also a heteronuclear diatomic molecule, a historic class that drew researches which spawned early modern theories of chemical bonding

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BIOSAFETY IN MEDICAL LABORATORY

Biosafety includes the protective measures against the risk of contamination with pathogen germs in the laboratory that handle pathogens, manipulate potentially contaminated products or perform microbiological tests for medical or scientific research problems. It is grouped into levels of containment based on the risks presented by the infections agents. The group consists of combination of laboratory practice and techniques, safety equipment, personnel training and laboratory facilities. ...

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COMPLICATIONS OF RHESUS D POSITIVE BLOOD GROUP INCOMPATIBILITY

Rhesus factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells. Rhesus incompatibility is a condition that occurs when an individual with rhesus D negative blood is immunized with rhesus D positive blood triggering to development of rhesus antibodies. Although the rhesus D blood group system consists of many antigen e.g D, C, c, E and e. the D antigen is the most immunogenic. The blood of a Rhesus positive fetus get into the blood stream of a rhesus D negative mother. ...

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TINEASIS

Tinea capitis is a common superficial fungal infection of the scalp and hair which is a type of dermatophytes characterized by its invasion into hair follicles and keratinized layer of hairy skin leading to hair loss, scaling, kerion, folliculitis, favus, black dot grey patch type, erythema or impetigo-like lesions. Tinea capitis is not really a worm but a fungal infection. It gets the name “ringworm” because the causative fungals makes circular marks on the skin often with flat centers....

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CAUSES OF MISLEADING RESULTS IN MEDICAL LABORATORY PRACTICE

Misleading result means the use of wrong procedure to achieve an aim occurring in any part of laboratory cycle from test ordering to interpretating of result. Causes of misleading result in medical laboratory is group into three pre-analytical, analytical and post analytical. pre-analytical is any procedure that takes place before analysis. E.g. patient misidentification, improper calibration of tube volume, wrong collection of tube. ...

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SAFETY SIGNS IN MEDICAL LABORATORY

Safety signs are meaningful and recognizable graphical signs that warm of or identify hazards associated with the location or item. Safety signs include images, pictograms, shapes, words, sentences or statements which are displayed on walls, boards, buildings, doors entrances, machines, equipment etc. The signs informs individuals about the presence of hazardous materials or chemicals or a hazardous environment and instructs on how to remain safe or the possible consequences if not avoided. ...

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UTI

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are very common – particularly in women, babies and older people. Around one in two women and one in 20 men will get a UTI in their lifetime. The kidneys control the amount of water in the blood and filter out waste products to form urine. Each kidney has a tube called a ureter, which joins the kidney to the bladder. The urine leaves the kidneys through the ureters and enters the bladder.

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CAUSES AND MANAGEMENT OF MULTIPLE MYELOMA

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a debilitating malignancy that is part of a spectrum of diseases ranging from a monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS), to plasma cell leukaemia. First described in 1848, MM is characterised by a proliferation of malignant plasma cell and a subsequent over abundance of monoclonal paraprotein (M Protein). Multiple myeloma is often diagnosed when a monoclonal protein is found in the serum or urine. No single test differentiates benign from malignant plasma cell proliferation. The clinical features of multiple myeloma develop from tissue damage secondary to the monoclonal gammopathy, plasma cell, and cytokines excreted by the cells. ...

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STABILITY OF ANTICOAGULATED BLOOD

Anticoagulant are substances which when added to blood prevent blood from clotting, or reduced the coagulation of blood . Stability is the capability of a sample material to retain the initial property of a measured constituent for a period of time within specified limit when the sample is stored under defined condition . When EDTA anticoagulanted blood cannot be tested within one to two hours it must be refrigerated at 4-8 0c to prevent cellular changes affecting test result. ...

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ELISA

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is typically performed to detect the presence and/ or amount of a target protein of interest within an experimental sample. Detection of the target protein is made possible by antibodies which make the ELISA an immunoassay. Through a series of incubation and washing steps, these antibodies/ reacts with a substrate to give a colour change when it detects protein on the microtitre plate, hence indicating the presence of the protein of interest in the sample.

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PNEUMONIA

PNEUMONIA is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli (air sacs) in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with pus or fluid (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. It can be caused by microbes , including bacteria, viruses, or fungi and can occur in anyone, it occurs with increased frequency in individuals whose immune systems are deficient. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, malnutrition, diabetes, renal failure, cancers, and treatment with immunosuppressive drugs are all risk factors for developing pneumonia. ...

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PCR

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used in molecular biology to make many copies of a specific DNA segment. Using PCR, copies of DNA sequences are exponentially amplified to generate thousands to millions of more copies of that particular DNA segment. PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical laboratory and clinical laboratory research for a broad variety of applications including biomedical research and criminal forensics. ...

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DANGERS IN CONTRACEPTIVE

The combined oral contraceptive pill is commonly known as “the pill”,. This is the most common type of contraceptive pill. It contains the hormones Oestrogen and progesterone. These prevent the ovaries from releasing an egg, as well as making it difficult for sperm to reach an egg, or for an egg to implant in the womb lining.

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ABO BLOOD GROUP INHERITANCE AND ITS MEDICAL IMPORTANCE

ABO blood group are inherited from biological parents in the same way as other genetic traits(e.g eye color). Everyone inherits two alleles of gene one from each parents. The combination of the two alleles determines the blood group. the medical importance help to solve some of the future genetics problems such the Hemolytic disease of new born in (pregnancy), blood transfusion reaction, paternity and maternity cases and medico legal cases. ...

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IMPORTANCE_OF_MCV_HAEMATOLOGY

Red cell indices was introduced by wintrobe in 1929. The red blood cell indices measures the size, shape and physical characteristics of the red blood cell. Red cell indices are blood test that provides information about Hg content and size of red cell. Abnormal values indicates the size of anaemia and which type of anaemia it is. They are either directly measured or automatically calculated by specialised instrument or machine. ...

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ANAEMIA AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN PREGNANCY

Pregnancy anemia is a major issue in the majority of underdeveloped nations. According to estimates from the WHO (World Health Organization), more than half of pregnant Women worldwide have hemoglobin levels that indicate anemia (11.0g/dl), while prevalence in impoverished nations may reach 56 or 61%. Pregnant women frequently develop anemia because of the increased need for iron and other vitamins brought on by the physiological strain of pregnancy. The WHO estimates the hemoglobin level for each of these levels of anemia in pregnancy to be 10.0-10.9g/dL (mild anemia), 7-9g/dL (moderate anemia), and 7g/dL (severe anemia) (WHO, 2013).

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HAPLOIDENTICAL DONOR TRANSPLANT

Haploidentical stem cell transplantation is a treatment for patients with blood related cancers and certain blood disorders, stem cell transplantation involves replacing a patient’s unhealthy blood-forming cells with healthy ones. Severe aplastic anemia is a rare multi-linage bone marrow failure and life threatening disorder. Patients are first treated with chemotherapy and sometimes radiation therapy to wipe out the or diminish the bone marrow haploidentical donor transplant for severe anemia is the only curative treatment of severe aplastic. ...

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Dermatophytes in children

Tinea capitis is a common superficial fungal infection of the scalp and hair which is a type of dermatophytes characterized by its invasion into hair follicles and keratinized layer of hairy skin leading to hair loss, scaling, kerion, folliculitis, favus, black dot grey patch type, erythema or impetigo-like lesions. Tinea capitis is not really a worm but a fungal infection. It gets the name “ringworm” because the causative fungals makes circular marks on the skin often with flat centers and raised border which is as a result of the host reaction to the enzymes released by the fungus during its digestive process. Scalp and hair shafts can also be affected thereby causing small patches of itchy and scaly. It is a highly contagious infection that is usually spread by sharing personal belonging like combs, towel, hats, pillows ,clipper, formites etc. ...

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DIABETES MELLITUS AMONG YOUTHS

LEADING CAUSES OF DIABETES MELLITUS AMONG YOUTHS Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications or death. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.

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CAUSES OF IMPRECISION AND INACCURACY IN MEDICAL

Laboratory testing is a highly complex process that have a great influence on clinical decision. 60- 70% of the most important decision on admission, discharge and medication are based on laboratory test results. With this high degree of the influence the quality of laboratory tests and reports is of utmost important. Imprecision is when laboratory result can not give the right diagnosis to a patient’s medical condition. It is a result of random errors. Inaccuracy is the disagreement between the expected quantity and it’s actual true value. Imprecision and inaccuracy may occur at the pre-analytical stage (insufficient sample & incorrect identification), analytical stage (sample mix up/ interference), and postanalytical stage (improper data entry an ...

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